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We are accustomed to think of the late Republic as a period in which Rome enjoyed almost uninterrupted military success against foreign enemies. Yet at the start of the first century BC, Rome, outnumbered and out-generalled, faced a hostile army less than a week's march from the Capitol. It is probable that only a swift surrender prevented the city from being attacked and sacked. Before that point, three Roman consuls had died in battle, and two Roman armies had been soundly defeated - not in some foreign field, but in the heartland of Italy. So who were this enemy who so comprehensively knocked Rome to its knees? What army could successfully challenge the legions which had been undefeated from Spain to the Euphrates? And why is that success almost unknown today? These questions are answered in this book, a military and political history of the Social War of 90-88BC. This tells the story of the revolt of Rome's Italian allies (socii in Latin - hence the name of the war). Because these Italian allies had the arms, training and military systems of the Roman army which they usually fought alongside, all Rome's usual military advantages were nullified. This brought the war down to a clash of generals, with the Roman rivals Gaius Marius and Cornelius Sulla spending almost as much time in political intrigue as combat with the enemy. The Italian leaders had to manage an equally fractious coalition of peoples. Some tribes sought negotiation with Rome, and others would settle for nothing less than the total extermination of the city and its people. The interplay of personalities (the young Cicero, Cato, and Pompey were also protagonists); high-stakes politics and full-scale warfare combine with assassination; personal sacrifice and desperate measures (such as raising an army of freed slaves) to make for a taut, fast-paced tale.
- Sales Rank: #275395 in eBooks
- Published on: 2014-11-30
- Released on: 2015-01-19
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Philip Matyszak has a doctorate in Roman history from St. John s College, Oxford. His books include Legionary, Gladiator, Ancient Rome on 5 Denarii a Day, Ancient Athens on 5 Drachmas a Day, The Classical Compendium, Chronicle of the Roman Republic, and The Greek and Roman Myths. He lives in British Columbia, Canada.
Most helpful customer reviews
24 of 26 people found the following review helpful.
Mostly well done but no bibliography
By JPS
Having just reviewed another – very scholarly – book on the same topic, I was curious to compare this one to it. Philip Matyszak’s production is clearly targeted at the so-called “general reader”. First of all, it sells at a fractious of the price of the more scholarly version. Second, it is a bit shorter. Third, it is also easier to read.
One advantage that this book has is to place the little known Social War into its context. This was a relatively short but very hard and cruel war that pitted Rome against many – but not all – of its Italic allies, with the overwhelming majority of the Latin allies remaining faithful to Rome. As the author shows, the tension had been building up for decades, or even generations, ever since the end of the Second Punic War. The author also shows rather well the different stages of the build-up, including the failed land reforms of the Gracchi brothers during the second century BC, and the growing aspirations of what were essentially second-class citizens to become Roman ones, fully benefit from the protection of Roman law and become able to take part in the election of magistrates.
The author makes a good job of showing why and how the conservative Roman senatorial elites did their utmost to prevent the allies from becoming full citizens. It also provides the reader with many insights into the murky and increasingly violent Roman politics, with the issues of land reform and of extending Roman citizenship increasingly taking centre stage. The book contains a good summary on the state of Italy at the time, of the various regimes applicable, and of the aspirations of the Latin-speaking populations and of the Italians. The failed reforms of Livius Drusus, the last Roman aristocrat to have tried to use these issues for his own advantage was the catalyst which started the storm although, as the author shows very well, the Italics leaders were plotting their insurrection well before.
The book also shows rather well the hard fighting and campaigning that took place, including a good number of initial defeats for the Romans. It also shows how these little by little got the upper hand, how they managed to prevent any more allies from defecting and rebelling and how they finally turned the tide and won militarily by essentially giving in politically. The allies and Latins were progressively granted Roman citizenship as a result, but distributed in the various colleges/voting tribes in such a way that they would not become a majority by themselves.
However, this book is also more than strictly about the Social War. Under the somewhat flimsy pretext that there were some diehard insurgents – especially among the Samnites - which held out well after 88 BC and which took part in the Civil War opposing Marius, his son and his associates and supporters against Sulla and his, the book only stops with Sulla’s death. It concludes that, by that time, the Republic was already dying. It was, starting with Marius and Sulla, to become increasingly dominated by strongmen backed by their armies made of Roman citizens and includes a number of similar developments which may remind some readers of the other excellent book written by Gareth Sampson also in the Pen & Sword collection (The Collapse of Rome: Marius, Sulla and the First Civil War) but centred on the conflict between the partisans of the two generals.
I did, however, have two main reservations about this book.
One is a tendency to simplify or perhaps even over-simplify at times to the extent that the statements become almost incorrect. For instance, Polybius, the Greek (Achaean) historian who remained a hostage and a protégé of the Scipio clan for so long is presented as a “diplomat” and a “soldier”. Given his age when he was handed over as hostage, he was too young to have become either one or the other. There is a handful of other such simplifications where the author has tried to “cut corners” and not always with the best results. To some extent, these kind of glitches are part of the “price to pay” for presenting a condensed overview of the events and their causes and consequences on conditions that they do not end up by becoming factually incorrect.
The second reservation is that this book, much to my surprise does NOT include a bibliography, which is something that I find very difficult to accept, especially for this kind of book, since it prevents any interested reader from investigating the topic any further. This is particularly a pity in this case, given this specific and little-known topic. Four stars.
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A Timely History
By Rep. Phil English
This is an excellent and concise history of one of the turning points in Roman history: the crisis that arose in the late Republic in which the failure of Roman political institutions to accommodate the aspirations of allied communities throughout Italy to full citizenship produced a bloody revolt that threatened the Roman state. This episode- the Social War- has received little attention from surviving contemporary histories, but is critical to understanding the evolution of the Roman Empire. The author provides a readable and scholarly account of the crisis, its roots in the failure of Gracchi reforms, and its conclusion in the dictatorship of Sulla. This book filled a critical gap in my Roman History library, with a thoughtful and detailed speculation on how this forgotten war was prosecuted, with great insight into the perspective of the losers- who by confronting Rome ultimately gained full membership in the world's greatest empire.
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Well worth reading even if you're no expert
By Donald E. Graham
This splendid book convincingly argues that the Roman Republic fell a generation before Caesar crossed the Rubicon. It makes a case for the destructive importance of the Social Wars of 90 BC and the battles between the forces of Marius and Sulla.
I am no expert on Roman history; I found the book readable, clear, and convincing. The odd nature of the Roman republic simply could not cope with its greater and greater size. Instead of extending Roman citizenship to the Italians who fought its wars, the Senate resisted the idea and brought in a series of calamities, resulting in the end of the Republic.
I learned from the book, but I also enjoyed it.
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